A four-year survey of Palestinian school children in Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem found hope and wellbeing already seriously declining. The situation now can only make it worse.

Though Hamas has the advantage of fighting on its territory, Israel has developed one of the most effective urban fighting militaries in the world.

It’s often the most vulnerable who suffer most in war. That remains true, with children making up around 40% of the casualties in the Israel-Hamas conflict. It’s devastating, now and into the future.

Countries like Egypt, Lebanon, Syria and Qatar all have a stake in the outcome of the war – but none want to be actively involved in fighting.

Iran’s direct entry in the Israel-Hamas war could have military and political repercussions that would prove too risky for the ruling regime.

Accurate and fair information is critical in times of conflict such as the ongoing Israel-Gaza War. What is the role of digital activism in this context, and how does it shape real-world events?

Here are six possible options for what a post-war Gaza might look like – and why none will seemingly work.

The UN secretary-general said neither side is justified in its actions against civilians. But holding them accountable for war crimes is extremely difficult.

The concern and passion currently being manifested by supporters of the two sides could lead this time to more effective action.

Israel’s warning to civilians in Gaza of impending attacks must be ‘effective’ under international law, meaning it must not only reach people but allow them sufficient time to evacuate safely.

New Zealand must be even-handed in its response to the catastrophe unfolding in Israel and Gaza, while still trying to keep hope of peace alive.

Legitimacy is an essential part of comprehending the Palestinian-Israeli conflict and its intractable nature.

In this podcast, expert on the Middle East and former Australian ambassador to Lebanon Ian Parmeter joins The Conversation to analyse the conflict so far; explaining its background and ramifications.

Hamas named its action ‘Operation Al-Aqsa Flood’, which emphasises what it sees as Israeli acts of desecration of a holy Islamic site in Jerusalem.

Israelis will consider it critically important to reclaim their country’s military deterrence capabilities against Hamas, which may necessitate a military takeover of Gaza.